Palmitoyl Oligopeptide, Palmitoyl Tetrapeptide-7 help activation of the local micro-circulation by reinforcing firmness and tone of the eye area. Chrysin and N-hydroxysuccinimide bind iron and clears bilirubin. Dark circles are due to the accumulation of hemoglobin and its coloured degradation products (biliverdin, bilirubin) in the dermis and epidermis. Chrysin strongly stimulates the expression of the enzyme (UGT1 A1) involved in the clearance of bilirubin and N-hydroxysuccinimide makes the iron soluble for elimination. Niacinamide and Vitamin C: Irregular distribution of the melanin can cause dark circles to appear beneath the eyes. Niacinamide and Vitamin C effectively lighten dark circles caused by hyperpigmentation.
